Comparing and Contrasting Cubans and Haitians in Miami - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1275 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/17 Category History Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Level High school Tags: Immigration Essay United States Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The migration of the Cubans and the Haitians to the United States of America happened under almost similar circumstances in their home countries, although the reception in the United States of America was different to each group. The Haitians were treated harsher than the Cubans although an act of America required same treatment for all the immigrants. The response from America confirmed this difference in their procedures by saying that the immigrants who were fleeing the communist countries had to be treated better than the other immigrants. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparing and Contrasting Cubans and Haitians in Miami" essay for you Create order This paper will try to compare and contrast the immigrants in Miami both from the Cuba country and from Haiti because it is in this area where the immigrants majorly settled. The Differences between the Cubans and Haitians in Miami The Haitian immigration can be dated back to the year 1802 when slave trade revolt led by Toussaint LOuverture seeking for independence and trying to end the slave trade happened. Though it was successful, the Haiti government was not stable and went on crumbling in all aspect even economical. For example, between the 1800s and 1934, there was a change in government twenty-two times which is a proof of this fact. Haitians first wave immigrants to the United States of America happened in 1957, but the early immigrants by boat landed on the coast of America in 1963. They were not accepted and were deported back to their country. Not until 1977 did the Haitian immigrants entirely started settling in the United States of America. In contrast, the Cubans who migrated from their homeland when Fidel Castro overthrew the government of Bastia in the 1950s started settling in Miami in the early 1960s and were considered as the major contributors to the development of Miami. From the immigrat ion, we can see the difference in treatment between the Haitians who were deported back and the Cubans who have been accepted to settle in America at almost the same times (LiPuma, and Thomas, 370). The treatment shows that the Cubans were preferred to the Haitians. An immigrant act that was signed between the United States of America and the Cuba in 1966 provided for a long-standing and preferential treatment to the Cuban immigrants. The act that was approved gave a guarantee to the Cubans living in the United States of America for a least one year to adjust to a permanent residence. In other words, they ceased being refugees but became American citizens (Kyle, David, and Marc, 305). Following the amendment of the act in 1966, there arose the wet foot and dry foot practice which required the American guard to halt and send back any Cuban who was found in the sea, unless they feared for persecution. It went on to state that the any Cuban who successfully reached the shore of the united states of America could not be sent back, but were to be investigated but the department of the home country and then allowed to settle in the USA. More so, if a Cuban could try to enter the United States by land, mostly through Mexico, the intruder was to be investigated by the customs and boarders protection personnel. The intruder could then be exempted from deportation back to the home country. Contrary to this treatment that the Cubans receive in the United States of America, the Haitians dont benefit from it. If a Haitian is found in the chores and does not provide enough evidence and proof for the asylum, the Haitian is immediately deported to his home country or detained (Kyle, David, and Marc, 305). In 1994 during the Clinton administration, the number of Cubans migrating to the United States was so large that the Clinton administration decided to lay a policy limiting the expenditure the government was incurring in the immigrants. But later alone, the USA gove rnment struck a deal that allowed at least twenty thousand immigrants from Cuba to the United States every year. On average, the number of the Cubans who qualify for visas to the United States of America every year exceeds the number of Haitians currently receding in the United States (Stepick, Alex, and Carol, 3). Contrary to the entry of the Cubans to the USA who were given a much warmer welcome, the Haitians are never warmly welcomed, and only the skilled Haitians are allowed entry to the United States. The middle-class Haitians who happen to have entry to the United States are always discriminated (Borjas and George, 73) For example, when it was perceived that the Haitians had caused the outbreak of diseases in the USA. Unlike the Cubans who had an agreement with the USA to allow the immigrants reside there, the policy which was established between the USA and the Haitian government under the dictatorship of Jean-Claude Duvalier only provided a way the Haitian intruder migran ts could be deported back to Haiti from the USA (Portes, Alejandro, Patricia and willam, 37). Similarities between the Haitians and Cubans in Miami It is factual that the both the Cubans and the Haitians in Miami have a vulnerable population, having come from countries experiencing political intolerance and instability. Both the two groups are under the department of homeland security which helps to fund even programmes directed towards their better stay in the United States of America and also help them to adapt to the new USA life. Moreover, both the Cubans and the Haitians constitute two groups with a fast growing population in the United States. Both the two groups also represent the groups in the USA who are struggling for scarce resources including space and permission to be in the United States of America (Borjas and George, 67). Both the two communities of immigrants have been discriminated against in the USA, although the Cubans are the outstanding majority among many communities that live in Miami, has a population close to two million occupants. The problem between the two immigrants, i.e., Cubans and Haitians ar e that they still have a terrible relationship. Instead of using their collective interests as people who the white Americans discriminate against and unite to have one voice, they even dont like each other. Both the two groups form the workforce in Miami. They are tasked with picking vegetables during the winter. It is therefore hard for this immigrant to get the collar jobs and thus live the lives of the low class (Portes, Alejandro, Patricia and willam, 35). Conclusion From all the analysis above, it is clear that the Haitians have always been looked down upon in the United States. The Cubans have always been given an upper hand regarding the privileges of both immigration and stay. The policies that have been developed between the Americans and the Haitians have been those who hinder them instead of giving them a breakthrough regarding their residence in America. It is clear then as both communities have always been discriminated, they should set aside their differences and unite so that they can be able to have one voice while they still stay in Miami. Work cited Borjas, George J. Heavens door: Immigration policy and the American economy. Princeton University Press, 2011. Kyle, David, and Marc Scarcelli. Migrant smuggling and the violence question: evolving illicit migration markets for Cuban and Haitian refugees. Crime, law and social change 52.3 (2009): 297-311. LiPuma, Edward, and Thomas Koelble. Cultures of circulation and the urban imaginary: Miami As example and exemplar. The Urban Sociology Reader (2012): 370. Portes, Alejandro, Patricia Fernndez-Kelly, and William Haller. The adaptation of the Immigrant second generation in America: A theoretical overview and recent Evidence. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35.7 (2009): 1077-1104. Stepick, Alex, and Carol Dutton Stepick. Diverse contexts of reception and feelings of Belonging. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research. Vol. 10. No. 3. 2009.

Literature Review Of International Business in U.S. Free Essays

Finding a country to conduct business in can be a very easy task depending on the company’s top management. The way a company normally discovers where to conduct research is through leads on potential operations from outside sources. The selection of which leads to investigate becomes the difficult task. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review Of International Business in U.S. or any similar topic only for you Order Now After sifting through the leads and finding the right ones to investigate management must formulate an international marketing plan. This further helps management in locating potential markets for their products. The first step is to use secondary research to find out what the sales potential is in a given market. Asking the questions of need, demand, and support gives one a starting point for research. If we were a company that sold pants we might want to ask the following questions. Is there a need for pants? Is it cold enough there to wear pants? Do people that demand the pants have money? These are the questions that one should ask of potential markets. After gathering the information from the secondary research, the picture of a potential market becomes more evident. However, to make the picture clearer, one must conduct primary research. This research outlines the specifics of the potential market that directly pertain to the product. Robert Douglas’ book, Penetrating the International Market, addresses the issue of locating potential markets in greater detail. After finding a lead that contains profitable markets it is necessary to analyze the venture as a whole. The decisions of companies must be based on the facts of reliable sources on all investments. To gather the information needed for investment projects, management must organize a competent feasibility team. The members of this team should be comprised of employees of the company; this is so that the knowledge will stay within the company. If the resources are not available for an employee conducted study then outside consultants may be used, it may also be beneficial to use a combination of the two. The first step in conducting a study is to design it by using project objectives as the base. During the second step the team must be staffed with people that have the ability to solve problems in any situation. In the third step the team should be properly placed and instructed. In the fourth and final step the product of the feasibility study should be properly communicated to the decision-making management. The design of a feasibility study first assumes that a company possesses the skills and resources necessary to be competitive in the market under analysis. Management must know the limits of its operations abroad. The operating margin for the expense of establishing and starting operations abroad should be easily recoverable within a reasonable time period. The design should also include the management’s goals, which come down from the investors of the company. The goals of management should be to acquire specific knowledge of the partner, in a joint venture situation, as well as the financial aspects, and the business-environment. The currency of the host country along with the political situation, and the economy are finer points of detail that the study must cover when analyzing the business-environment. In a less formal sense the design of the study should cover relevant material so that when viewing the final report decision-makers will know with what they are becoming involved. Staffing a feasibility study is of major importance. Not only must the members be competent in communication and understanding, but the management selecting the team must be confident in the abilities of each individual. Communication in international affairs plays a great role for the fact that different languages spoken and unspoken are involved. The communication through a translator let alone person-to person communication can be vastly misconstrued. The individual’s communication skills should be top-notch in order to be selected for the team. The members of the team should also be aware of the cultural factors that play a role in communication. Two books The Way to Wealth by Ben Franklin and Microserfs by David Coupland, support economic values of their specific time periods. Franklin’s book is written in 1733, when agriculture was the way of life. Coupland’s book is a present day description of technology and how Microsoft has had such an impact on our lives. Both books, each defining different eras, come together to portray the epitome of economic values. The writers’ depiction of work, from their respected eras, show how these American economic values has not changed. Poor Richard Saunders’ advice symbolizes what American worker’s economic values should be. Poor Richard is a character Franklin uses to push his economic values, and he believes that firm economic values will create wealth. He explains get what you can, and what you get hold; ‘Tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold. Having good economic values can give you the gold touch. Good time management and sound management of one’s money are the keys to success. Hence Franklin’s famous sayings a penny saved is a penny earned and early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. The sayings of Richard Saunders are for the ages, as well as the agricultural life as he knew it. Douglas Coupland’s character analysis of danielu@microsoft.com serves as the icon of a modern day American technological worker. Danielu@mircosoft.com is an employee of Bill Gates’ corporation Microsoft which employs more than 32,000 people in 60 countries. Indeed, despite international commercial success, economic values of American lives have not changed over the past several hundred years. From the adages of Ben Franklin, to the genius of Bill Gates, Americans are economically the same. In the book Microserfs, the highlight of the story was when an employee got emailed by Bill himself. Gates has been described as â€Å"spending a significant person of his time to. . . staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world though email.† References Ashamalla, Maali H. â€Å"International Human Resource Management Practices: The Challenge Of Expatriation.† Competitiveness Review. 1998. pp. 54-65. Barton, Ron Bishko, Michael. â€Å"Global Mobility Strategy.† HR Focus. 1998. pp. S7-S8. Coupland, Douglas. Microserfs. Lunsford. pp. 595-606. Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M. and Ferrell, O.C., â€Å"Marketing: Concepts and Strategies.† Marketing in International Markets. Houghton Mifflin. 1997. pp. 65-68, 171-177, 90-94, 103-105. Dutton, Gail. â€Å"Building a Global Brain.† Management Review. 1999. pp. 34-38. Engel, James F., Roger Blackwell, and Bowel Miniard. Consumer Behavior. Harcourt. 1982. pp. 162-168. Ewing, John S. and Meissner, Frank. International Business Management: Readings and Cases. California: Wadsworth. 1964. pp. 4, 146-152, 313-320. Fayerweather, John. International Business Management: A Conceptual Framework. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1969. pp. 51-64. Franklin, Benjamin. The Way to Wealth. Lusford. 1999. p. 545. Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Ohio: Merrill. 1973. pp. 43-58. How to cite Literature Review Of International Business in U.S., Essay examples

Ibsen and Strindberg †Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Ibsen and Strindberg – Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie Persuasive Essay Compare and contrast the characters of Hedda Gabler and Miss Julie in the plays by Ibsen and Strindberg. Support your findings with comments on the writers attitudes to their characters. August Strindberg and Henrik Ibsen were both great playwrights of the 19th century, and both played a large role in the evolution of modern day naturalism/ realism. The plays I will be discussing are Ibsens Hedda Gabler, (1890) and Strindbergs Miss Julie (1888). In Karens lecture on Strindberg, she told how the two playwrights were rivals in a sense, mainly caused by Strindbergs attitudes on social issues- Namely his thoughts and theory on the role of women in society. Thus, I am lead to believe that Hedda Gabler was written by Ibsen as a direct retaliation to Strindbergs Miss Julie, just as Karen believes that Strindbergs The Father was written as a reply to Ibsens Ghosts. Although both plays end with the suicide of the leading character, the circumstances by which they occur are very different. In order to take these plays in their full context, it is important to examine the lives of the playwrights and see just how much of their own thoughts, beliefs and feelings are reflected in their plays. I feel this is particularly important in the case of Strindberg. I was intrigued by Karens lecture on Strindberg, in particular the rise of his misogynist attitudes and his state of mental health. His attitudes are reflected in Miss Julie quite clearly. Strindberg believed that Women were a secondary form, which can be seen through reading his preface to the play. The translation of the play I examined was from the Drama Classics (D.C) Series. I found a very interesting piece of writing in this version of the play; In an editors note, it is explained that the translation was based on the original text, and contained some rants which were not included in most published versions. The most interesting of these was a part in the preface which was not in the other versions, it reads as fo llows;Theres a view, current at the moment even among quite sensible people,that women, that secondary form humanity (second to men, the lords andshapers of human civilisation) should in some way become equal with men,or could so be; this is leading to a struggle which is both bizarre and doomed. Its bizarre because a secondary form, by the laws of science, is always goingto be a secondary form..the proposition is as impossible as that twoparallel lines should ever meet.I find these comments quite astounding, and there are no shortage of similar comments in his preface. Karen explained how Strindberg also believed that when a woman was menstruating, it meant she was in an altered state of mind. In his preface, Strindberg gives this as one of the possible reasons behind Julies suicide. An understanding of these attitudes is vital to fully understand Miss Julie and make the connection between Julie and Hedda. As I touched on earlier, Strindberg developed a hate towards Ibsen, as he saw him as a promoter of feminism. Karen spoke of Ibsens Ghosts, in which a woman spoke out against a dead man. Strindberg did not like this, as the male had no chance to defend himself. As a result, he wrote The Father. In this play, Strindberg makes all the female characters out to be dislikeable and narky. It is this which leads me to believe that Hedda Gabler was written by Ibsen as a reply to Miss Julie. I will attempt to display my reasoning behind this theory, analysing the title characters from both plays and demonstrating the writers attitudes being displayed throughout the play. To me, Miss Julie seems to be a true Battle of the sexes play, in which the male inevitably wins. Throughout the play, a power game is being played by Jean and Julie. The character of Julie is what Strindberg would describe as a half-woman- that is, she does not know her place in society and tries to dominate a male. Strindbergs preface touches on this issue;Modern feminists thrust themselves forward, selling themselves forpower, honours, distinctions and diplomas as women once did formoney. Jimi Hendrix: Rock 'n' Roll Legend EssayThe baby. Burning the baby. (D.C p.88)I struggled to fully understand why she urged Lovborg to kill himself, but in this context I can only speculate that it was to further consolidate the end of the relationship between Miss Elvsted and Lovborg, of which she was so envious. By the end of the play, Hedda has relinquished all of her power. Lovborgs death backfired and Hedda ended up losing the dominance over Jorgen, as he and Mrs Elvsted devote their lives to resurrecting Lovborgs manuscript and Mrs Elvsted hopes to inspire Tesman as she did Lovborg. Brack then establishes power over her through her fear of scandal, blackmailing her in a sense to agree to his terms of living. He could destroy her at any moment by releasing the information that the gun which killed Lovborg belonged to Hedda. She finds this thought unbearable;Im still in your power. At your disposal. A slave. I wont have it. I wont (D.C p.105)So Hedda, unable to live under the control of others, plays a final tune on the piano before taking one of her fathers pistols and shooting herself. Although both Ibsens Hedda Gabler and Strindbergs Miss Julie ended with the suicide of the leading character, the circumstances by which the suicides occurred were most different, and particularly in the c ase of Miss Julie, the writers personal thoughts were prominent in the outcome. Julie ended her life after a deep underlying yearning to be dominated by Jean and in the end displays her inferiority by begging Jean to give her permission to end her life. This is unlike the circumstances in Hedda Gabler, where Hedda maintains her dignity and status to the very end. Unlike Julie, she cannot bear the thought of being under the control of others. This is why I speculate that Hedda Gabler could very well have been written by Ibsen in direct reply and contradiction to Strindbergs Miss Julie. I am sure that Henrik Ibsen would have found a lot to disagree upon when it came to the ideas and philosophies contained within Strindbergs Miss Julie, not to mention the plays preface.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Essay Example

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Essay In â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,† Jonathan Edwards uses many different figures of speech to persuade his congregation. The first figure of speech that Johnston uses is a simile. Jonathan also uses metaphors in his sermon to persuade the sinners. The most important example of figurative speech would be imagery. Jonathans use of figurative language is important to the overall meaning of the sermon because figurative language helps to explain the overall meaning. The first type of figurative language that Jonathan uses is a simile. In this part, Jonathan is explaining that when God returns, it will not be good for the sinners. â€Å"The wrath of God is like great waters that are damned for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher, till an outlet is given, and the longer the stream is stopped, the more rapid and mighty is it’s course, when once it is let loose† (Edwards 80). The purpose of this figure of speech is to get the congregation to think about when God releases his anger he will do it with great force. The next example of figurative speech and â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† is a metaphor. We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jonathan uses a metaphor to compare gods anger to the string of a bow. He explains that God’s precious love is what keeps the arrow from going through the peoples heart,â€Å"The bow of God’s wrath is bent, and the error made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mirror pleasure of Godthat keeps the arrow from being made drunk with your blood.† (Edwards 109). This metaphor compares gods anger to the string of a bow being pulled and ready to let go, but not yet let go. The comparison shows that God’s wrath comes with great power and could severely destroy mankind. The last example of figurative speech in â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† would be imagery. Imagery plays an important role in Jonathan

Use of cbt in helping children experiencing nightmares, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorders The WritePass Journal

Use of cbt in helping children experiencing nightmares, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorders   Introduction Use of cbt in helping children experiencing nightmares, anxiety disorders and bipolar disorders   IntroductionTHE CASE OF 8 YEAR OLD ESTHERPART 1 – MAJOR ISSUES AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONSNIGHTMARES AND DREAMS IN CHILDRENNightmares and emotionsNightmares and developmental ProcessNightmares and Traumatic experiencesNightmares and AffectANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDRENAnxiety Disorders and Neuro-cognitive functioning in childrenMOOD DISORDERS IN CHILDRENPART 2. INTERVENTION WITH CBTCBT FOR NIGHTMARESCBT FOR ANXIETY DISORDERSCBT FOR MOOD DISORDERSOTHER AREASCONCLUSION:BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated   Introduction THE CASE OF 8 YEAR OLD ESTHER The major issues that trouble 8 years old Esther are nightmares, anxiety problems and mood disorders. It is obvious from Esther’s family history that she shares the feeling of insecurity and depressive symptoms from her parents. The history of sexual abuse in the family makes her situation highly vulnerable. Esther is in need of help to overcome her haunting nightmares and anxieties about herself and her beloved ones. She also needs support in overcoming mood disorders. The family environment also needs to be modified so as to give positive energy for the child to improve her cognitive and behavioural skills and to overcome her problems. The theoretical approach that can help Esther in overcoming her issues more effectively is CBT. CBT techniques focus on cognitive areas and behavioural areas at the same time and therefore they are more effective in bringing out progressive changes in the subjects. CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach to find a solution to people’s emotional, behavioural and cognitive dysfunctions. CBT is recommended by NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) as an effective therapy for a number of problems like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (wikepedia.org). PART 1 – MAJOR ISSUES AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS NIGHTMARES AND DREAMS IN CHILDREN Nightmares and emotions American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) and American Sleep Disorders Association (ICSD – II; International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual, 2005) define nightmares in association with the awakenings occur in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) where the individual’s mental activities can be recalled so easily as the brain is active, even while the individual is sleeping. Nightmares do have some emotional component as well and which mostly associated with fear-, anger and disgust (Zadra A, and Donderi, D.C., 1994) among the various types of nightmares, idiopathic nightmares – the cause of which still remains unrevealed – are more severe and worrying. Nightmares and developmental Process Studies on children’s dreams and nightmares suggest that dreams and nightmares can be used to disclose the various developmental changes (Siegel, B. Allen, 2005). Children’s age is an important factor in their dreams that is their ability to remember and describe what they see in dreams. According to Siegel (2005), age affects children’s capacity to explain what they see in dreams and to link them with their day today life events. This study has pointed out that gender is the next important variable that affects dreams in children (Siegel, B. Allen, 2005). Nightmares are generally are considered as part of the developmental process of children and adolescents and it does not need any treatment because they will cease to disturb them as their maturational process comes to its end (Terr L., 1987; Vela-Bueno A. et al,1985; Klackenberg,G., 1971).   This view is supported by a range of literature of treatment of medical, psychological and psychiatric treatment of nightmares (Halliday, G., 1987). There are studies which prove that nightmares and dreams occur frequently in higher rates in children and adolescents. A recent meta-analysis by Sandoval, D. et al (1997) says that the occurrence of nightmares in children and adolescents very high, though the level varies at different stages of childhood and adolescence. They have found that the prevalence rate is higher in the early childhood category with 42.2 per cent. Another major finding of this study was that 42 per cent of the adults experiencing chronic nightmares had the problem onset by the age of 15 years and more than 50 per cent of the adult victims of chronic nightmares developed their problem before the age of 20 years.   Even if nightmares are likely to decrease with the progress in maturational process, there are chances for them to turn out as disorders in some children and adolescents, due to a range of environmental factors that affect psychological balance like the death of a dear person, sexual or physical abuse or neglect by parents, carers, teachers, siblings, peers etc (Achenbach, T.M., 1981; Hartman, E., 1984). All these are evidences to the fact that children and adolescents experience nightmares in higher rates and chronic nightmares make a number of them to suffer, sometimes in their adulthood as well. Dreams and nightmares are normal but their interaction with unexpected and negative environmental factors – a few of them are listed before – affects the victims to make their life worse with chronic instances of nightmares. Nightmares and Traumatic experiences Traumatic experiences are found to have associations with nightmares. Most of the individuals with severe traumatic experiences can re-experience the event in the forms of nightmares and flashbacks. 75 per cent of the with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience the traumatic events in the forms of nightmares (Kilpatrick et al., 1994) and the rate of nightmare occurrence is higher in those who were traumatised by incidents like violence, rape and natural calamities. Krakrow et al (1995) conducted a study among the women who were diagnosed with PTSD after sexual abuse and assaults and found that 60 per cent of them were suffering from nightmares. Among them those women who survived rape were found to be suffering from higher frequency with 26 per cent. Nightmares and Affect There exists no scientific definition for dreams which is approved by everyone. Hence nightmares are interpreted as ‘unpleasant or frightening dreams’ (Pagel1, JF, Helfter, P., 2003). Nightmares have some negative affect in the individuals and it is this affect that causes disturbance or awakening during sleep (Zervas, I.M., Soldatos, C.R., 2005). Many efforts are made by applied scientists to explore the causes, mechanism and manifestations of dreams and nightmares in human beings (Soldatos CR, Paparrigopoulos TJ., 2005). Affect can be originated while a person is sleeping either by troubled homeostasis or through ‘the resynchronization of previously established affect-cognitive’ state (Georg Schulze, 2006). Dreams and nightmares in children were always of higher importance among the researchers. Latest techniques likes content analysis research have become highly successful in explaining how dreams and nightmares in children can be used to read the effects of developmental changes in them. The task of analysing dreams in children in early childhood and childhood are difficult than the dreams of adolescents because the former group are less capable of recalling their dreams and to narrate them clearly (Siegel, B. Allen, 2005). ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Children and adolescents are no exceptions to anxiety disorders. Studies have found that 2.6-5.9 per cent of children experience overanxious disorder (OAD) and 2-5.4 per cent of them suffer from separation anxiety disorder (SAD) (Anderson, 1994). Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents have links with their language skills and thinking (cognitive) flexibility. Anxiety related disorders are not yet identified outside the verbal processes in Children (Toren, P., 2000). Different anxiety disorders and other psychological disorders have co-morbid relationships among them (Toren, P., 2000). Anxiety Disorders and Neuro-cognitive functioning in children Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents affect their neuro-cognitive functioning. Hooper and March (1995) and Benjamin, et al (1990) have identified that young children and adolescents with anxiety disorders are often noted by their teachers for poor academic performance. They suggest that this is the result of the neuro-cognition based learning disabilities in the children with anxiety disorders. There are no evidences for the relationship between childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders and brain dysfunction but it is found that anxiety can affect the adaptation skills of children and adolescents (Hooper and march, 1995). Anxiety disorders have more specific and apparent impacts on the cognitive growth and development of children and adolescents. The studies using self-statement questionnaire have traced out the frequency, essence and depth of thoughts of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders; during and before performing tasks like writing (Kendall and Chansky, 1991). Eysenck (1990) has drafted a special scheme to understand the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. The finding is portrayed as ‘threatening’ by Eysenck as he noted that children with anxiety disorders developed a sense of negative perception on themselves and the world around them. He has observed that the information processing system in such children operated so selectively with negative perception on themselves and the social environment. Children and adolescent with anxiety disorders shows a kind of biased processing of information with negative attitudes (Mogg, et al, 1993 ) and behaviour with ‘task-inhibiting thoughts’ (Francis, 1988). The negative attitude and perception on themselves, their tasks and on the whole society etc. are higher in children with higher anxiety related problems, when compared to their peers who had no anxiety related problems. It is also found that children experiencing anxiety disorders have difficulties in controlling their cognitive processes and attention on things they are doing. They are found to have difficulty to respond immediately in accordance with internal and external stimuli that make them to act properly with situational requirements (Kendall and Chansky, 1991). Anxiety disorders are not specific to any specific period in human life but their prevalence is widely recognised to occur at any time in the lifetime of an individual (Kessler et al., 2005). Anxiety disorders affect not only the individuals who suffer them but at the same time they have gained a socioeconomic concern and at the same time there is shortage of information to explain the scope of anxiety disorders above the sphere of OCD (obsessive compulsive disorders) (Paul Hammerness, 2007). The existing literature on childhood anxiety disorders were criticised for their limited information. Those studies were criticised for being conducted with limited samples and for limited techniques of data collection. And they failed to provide accurate information on individual syndromes by coming out of the broad areas. The research on childhood anxiety disorders is yet to come out of the traditional definitions that are limited to separation anxiety. It further needs to supply information about the disorders which have co-morbidity with childhood anxiety disorders. (Paul Hammerness, 2007). The field of study of childhood anxiety disorders need to be fortified with relevant, scientific and clinical evidences so as to have more accurate findings on the causes and effects of those disorders. The co-morbidity factor of childhood anxiety disorders is yet to be explored in detail. It is inevitable for providing help and support to children who are clinically challenged with childhood anxiety disorders. Above all, these studies must be capable of providing inputs to public health knowledge base and strategy formulation for earlier interventions to address the issues related with childhood anxiety disorders (Paul Hammerness, 2007). MOOD DISORDERS IN CHILDREN Mood disorders are mainly classified into four types by the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) namely ‘depressive disorders’, ‘bipolar disorders’ ‘mood disorders due to medical conditions’ and ‘substance-induced mood disorders. Children and adolescents with mood disorders suffer from a lot of personal, familial and social problems. Mood disorders affect children’s academic life and interpersonal relationships too (Duggal, et al., 2001). Mood changes are normal in various developmental periods with depressive and at times can be elevated too. The term ‘mood disorders’ is not used to mention these temporary mood fluctuations but the mood changes   that last in them for a longer time and affect their day today life are part of mood disorders. mood changes that last in individuals for longer periods are considered as abnormal and they need special attention and treatment, depending on the functional impairment or disability of the ind ividual (APA, 2000). Such functional impairments, if goes unnoticed, can harm the growth and development of children and can cause negative impacts on their academic performance, social and interpersonal activities (Reynolds Kamphaus, 2003). Among the victims of mood disorders, symptoms of depression are common to children and adolescents, before they attain adulthood (Ollendick, Shortt, Sander, 2005).   A recent meta-analysis by Costello et al (2006) has found that 2.8 per cent of the children under the age of 13 years suffer from depressive mood disorders whereas the prevalence rate is much higher in the adolescents in the age group of 14-18 years with 5.6 per cent. The study by Kessler et al (2001), which attempted to check the lifetime prevalence of mood disorders, has found that 25 per cent of adults with mood disorders have the onset of the disorder before attaining adulthood. Gender differences are quite visible in the matter of mood disorders. Studies have found that women are more vulnerable to depressive disorders during their adolescence (Cohen et al., 1993; Kessler et al., 2001). The ratio of depressive disorders in males and females during adolescence is 2:1 (Axelson Birmaher, 2001; Rushton, Forcier, Sc hectman, 2003). There is literature evidence for the links between unipolar depression and personality traits. The symptoms of unipolar depression are higher rate of self-criticism, neuroticism and rigid behaviour (Sauer et al., 1997) and at the same time there is scarcity of literature to support the links between personality traits and bipolar disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder are more vulnerable than those with unipolar disorders because bipolar disorder changes people’s mood unexpectedly and they are floated between low self-regulations, negative affectivity, decreased levels of cooperation etc.   (Savitz and Ramesar, 2006). PART 2. INTERVENTION WITH CBT Esther is suffering mainly from haunting nightmares, anxiety disorders and mood disorders. The interventions that aim to support Esther have to focus these three important areas and have to understand the depth of the impacts caused by each of these problem areas. The approach we need to take is cognitive behavioural therapy approach which will help her to correct the accumulated wrong cognitions and perceptions which causes frequent nightmares, makes her worried about the safety and security of her own and that of her dear ones and to overcome the problems or issues due to depressive mood disorders. CBT is the generally accepted and approved therapy for the treatment of psychological problems affecting children and adolescents. CBT is found to be effective in treating disorders called as internalising disorders like depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder), ADHD (attention deficit hyperactive disorder) and CD (conduct disorder). These disorders are the result of gradual internalising processes that take place in the mind of the individual without he/she being aware of the changes they produce in him/her (Michael A. Southam-Gerow and Philip C. Kendall, 2000). These internalised perceptions and concepts are gradually revealed through different set of behaviours which are considered to be abnormal by the society and when they exhibit certain symptoms and signs of scientific definitions are considered to be disorders (Kendall et al., 1991; Kendall, 1993). CBT FOR NIGHTMARES The primary area of intervention for Esther is her nightmares. Using the CBT approach, the therapist needs to analyse her cognitive areas which are affected by her pathological condition. One approach that can be used to help Esther is the â€Å"auto-suggested dreams† approach (Wile, 1935) which asks children to dream about the coming night. This technique is to be exercised on a regular interval and it will produce remarkable improvements in the children, within few weeks or months, depending on the severity of the nightmare problem they experience. This technique needs to be followed up for at least 4-5 months to have the expected output (Barry Krakow, M.D., 2001). Another technique propounded by Barry Krakow is the imagery rehearsal therapy which involves four group therapy sessions, each of which lasts for 2-3 hours. Where the individual’s dreaming process is observed in a therapeutic environment and rehearsed so as to correct the problems there (Barry Krakow, M.D., 2001). CBT FOR ANXIETY DISORDERS The next problem that affects Esther is her anxiety disorders. CBT is widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Childhood anxiety disorders are caused mostly by the environment where the child lives, which involves their peers, their academic institutions their families and the low psychological wellbeing (Costello, Egger, Angold, 2004; Verduin Kendall, 2008). It is found that about 18 per cent of children and adolescents are affected by childhood anxiety disorders (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Walters, 2005). CBT is used to be an effective therapeutic approach for childhood anxiety disorders. (Silverman, Pina, Viswesvaran, 2008). It is also reported that the effects of CBT last for longer periods in children with childhood anxiety disorders (Glantz et al., 2009; Kendall Kessler, 2002; Kessler et al., 2007). The effects of randomised controlled trials of CBT are said to be long-lasting and highly effective in helping children to get rid completely of their problems (Kendall, Flannery-Schroeder, Safford, Webb, 2004). CBT FOR MOOD DISORDERS The next important area where Esther needs assistance is in controlling her mood related problems. CBT is highly effective in children experiencing mood disorders. The role of family, especially that of parents is highly important in using CBT in children with mood disorders, which was not recognised earlier (Lewinsohn,   Clarke,   Hops,   Andrews,   1990). In the modern CBT environment for children with mood disorders, parents are made aware with the skills, techniques etc. which are necessary for the treatment of the problems of their children. Parents’ support and involvement is found to be more effective in bringing out the expected changes in children who experienced childhood mood disorders and have undergone CBT Training. Both parents and children received benefits of latest technique of CBT. Esther’s parents also have to be included in the treatment process because the mood disorders are passed to her through both her parents who experience similar mood s in the place where they live. OTHER AREAS The therapist who intervenes with Esther has to pay special attention to the environment where she lives. The case hits that her parents too need to be observed for mood related problems. Therefore they too must be incorporated with the therapeutic process so as to ensure the effectiveness of the therapeutic approach with Esther. The family environment needs to be modified for longlasting effects. Next area that needs attention is the protection of the child from sexual abuse from the maternal step-grandfather. As her mother and aunt are already victims of his abuse, the situation of Esther is highly vulnerable. She needs to be protected from him and her parents must be educated about this issue. CONCLUSION: The case of Esther is of Nightmares, mood disorder and childhood anxiety disorder. The therapist can help her to overcome her problems through the effective use of CBT separately for all the problem areas where she suffers. Added to this her family environment which makes her maladjusted and feel insecure needs to be modified with proper education and awareness to the parents. BIBLIOGRAPHY Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS. Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen. Monographs  of the  Society  for Research in  Child Development. 1981;4:61–82 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Anderson, J. C. (1994). Epidemiological issues. In T. H. Ollendick, N. J. King, W. Yule (Eds.), International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (pp. 43–66). 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A critical assessment of the implementation issues surrounding the Essay

A critical assessment of the implementation issues surrounding the introduction of H20 as a potential energy source within the hospitality sector - Essay Example Recognizing this, the government of the United Kingdom has a basic policy aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions [Ren21 2008: 30]. Carbon emissions from vehicles and fossil energy are believed to be the primary cause of anthropogenic global warming. "Renewable energy offers our planet a chance to reduce carbon emission, clean the air, and put our civilization on a more sustainable footing. It also offers countries around the world the chance to improve their energy security and spur economic development." Mikhani [2008] has shown that we do not need nuclear nor fossil energy to sustain the worlds economies. According to Mikhani [2008: 133], an electricity grid can derive power from solar photovoltaics (as much as 35%), biomass (as much as 25%), wind energy (as much as 15%), and the rest from hydropower and related energy sources. Mikhani [2008] pointed out that renewable sources are cheaper (p. 133). Hotels and motels spend about $2,196 per room on energy that represents 6% of their operating costs [EPA 2007: 2]. Hotels and motels mainly use energy from electricity and natural gas [EPA 2007: 2]. Utilization of two sources of energy is as follow [EPA 2007: 2]: Citing the experience of European hotels and motels, Hendrikx [2008: 5] reported that 40% of the energy used by hotels is obtained from electricity. Hendrikx also reported that 31% of hotel/motel energy requirements are used for space heating, 17% for heating tap water, 15% for cooling, 12% for lighting, 5% for cooking, and the rest for miscellaneous use (p. 6). In contrast, however, 45% of electricity is used for lighting alone (p. 6). Thus, the hotel/motel industry is a potential large-scale user of energy from water. At the same time, the industry can be a beneficiary in the shift to renewable energy so long as renewable energy is cheap as per the claim of Mikhani [2008]. In its latest report available, Ren21 [2008: 6] revealed that, worldwide, electricity

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 28

Ethics - Essay Example The problem with these principles is that it does not explain what happens to those violating the rules that would lead to achievement of happiness for majority in society. This theory should maintain its utility principle as ultimate standard and no principle in society should stand against it (Baier 41). This theory fails to state which human rights could not be violated for the benefit of the entire society. For instance, murder of an innocent person would seem to be accepted if it served the role of the greatest majority. The issue of abortion has been a subject of heated debate in society and people seem to be having different opinions. According to utilitarianism principle, abortion is bad since it will not promote greatest good of society if the fetus is terminated. Social ethics focuses on what is right conduct and living good life. This branch of philosophy describes how people relate to each other in society or social institutions such as family and business. It is the duty of everyone to support those in authority and live according to the laid down societal norms. It is the responsibility of citizens to nurture moral philosophy of other people in order to develop strong friendship and engage in social relationship for the good of society. Most people in society are ignorant of social ethics as they are not aware of the unwritten social ethics that society has programmed since its inception (Baier 39). The main reason for this action is that everyone is not made aware of social ethics in the same way. Social ethics are part of an individual’s education and that it depends entirely on observation. Different people view or observe society in different manner. Abortion is a social dilemma, according to social ethics, aborting means killing or murder since that fetus has got life. Using this theory of social ethics, abortion would not be condoned. Egoism is based on